Members’ Publication

All over the world, unplanned land conversion, especially in urban areas, has become a burning issue, resulting in an increase in surface temperature. The Rajshahi district of Bangladesh is not an exception, where greenery and water bodies are decreasing because of massive infrastructural development. Thus, the study aims to highlight the relationship between land surface temperature and land cover by using GIS and remote sensing approaches. The results of the study reveal that the land surface temperature ranges from 26.18°C to 38.91°C and the temperature difference between urban and rural areas is 1–2°C. However, there is no comfort zone (temperature between 16°C and 25°C) in the year of 2019. More than 81% of the land had a temperature between 26°C and 32°C and about 18% has been delineated as a very hot zone (more than 32°C), within which 50% of the land is in the Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC). Also, a linear regression analysis was conducted to know how temperature is related to different indices where land surface temperature (LST) was negatively correlated with normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference water index (NDWI), while an affirmative relationship was found between LST and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI). Thus, the study helps to impede the rising temperature not only for the study area but also for other cities by providing an indicator to the concerned development authorities.

Artificial lighting is essential for supporting human activities during nighttime. Excessive artificial light causes pollution. This type of pollution impairs our ability to see the night sky clearly and results in the wasteful consumption of excessive energy. This research investigates the extent and impact of light pollution in the rapidly urbanizing cities of Rajshahi and Dhaka, employing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing techniques. The primary objectives of this thesis are to assess the extent and intensity of light pollution in the study areas. The authors utilized multi-temporal DMSP/OLS nighttime light satellite imagery spanning the period from 1992 to 2013. Additionally, VIIRS Day/Night Band (DNB) images from 2013 to 2022, accessed through Google Earth Engine, were employed to provide more recent data for analysis. These datasets were processed and analyzed within a GIS framework to delineate the extent of light pollution and its temporal evolution, allowing for the identification of hotspots and trends over the years. The findings of this study reveal the profound impact of urbanization on light pollution, with notable differences between the two cities. Despite the geographically smaller size of the Dhaka district than the Rajshahi district, the total amount of nighttime light is substantially larger in Dhaka. Light pollution, which differs in terms of spatial position, contributes to Dhaka City's rapid urbanization, which includes industrial and commercial activity and is located in the middle of Bangladesh. On the other side, Rajshahi, which is located in northern Bangladesh, has less light pollution than Dhaka because of its relative lack of industrial and commercial activity.

Extracting building information from remotely sensed images is essential in various geographic and environmental applications. Specifically, there is a growing demand for distinguishing buildings based on roof colors from low-cost but high-resolution RGB images. However, this task presents significant challenges due to the variability in building color, size, and style, as well as their resemblance to nonbuilding objects. The existing GEographic Object-Based Image Analysis (GEOBIA) approaches often struggle with misclassification, mainly because they do not effectively leverage spatial information during the classification stage. Tabular Deep Learning (DL) models have emerged as promising alternatives to shallow classifiers, demonstrating improved performance in recent years. However, their effectiveness in extracting buildings based on roof color has not been thoroughly examined. To address these challenges and improve the accuracy of building extraction, this study proposed a target-based model that incorporates a sequential extraction process using tabular DL models such as Gated Additive Tree Ensemble (GATE), Neural Oblivious Decision Ensemble (NODE). The proposed method adopted a hybrid segmentation approach to effectively segment the image and extract each segment's spectral, textural, geometrical, and contextual features. Non-building objects were systematically eliminated based on their representation within the image. Subsequently, buildings with varying roof colors—brown, black, and white—were extracted. Spatial information was then meticulously integrated into the classification process. The proposed methodology was tested on a UAV image with a spatial resolution of 0.20 m and three visible bands—red, green, and blue—captured in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. This enhanced approach significantly improved precision and overall classification accuracy, demonstrating the effectiveness of incorporating spatial data into the extraction process. This research introduced a framework for incorporating spatial information into tabular models that would serve as a foundation for further improving building extraction accuracy in future studies.

Sentinel-2 satellites are one of the major instruments in remote sensing (RS) technology that has revolutionized Earth observation research, as its main goal is to offer high-resolution satellite data for dynamic monitoring of Earth’s surface and climate change detection amongst others. However, visual observation of Sentinel-2 satellite data has revealed that most images obtained during the winter season contain snow noise, posing a major challenge and impediment to satellite RS analysis of land surface. This singular effect hampers satellite signals from capturing important surface features within the geographical area of interest. Consequently, it leads to information loss, image processing problems due to contamination, and masking effects, all of which can reduce the accuracy of image analysis. In this study, we developed a snow-cover removal (SCR) model based on the Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks (CycleGANs) architecture. Data augmentation procedures were carried out to salvage the effect of the limited availability of Sentinel-2 image data. Sentinel-2 satellite images were used for model training and the development of a novel SCR model. The SCR model captures snow and other prominent features in the Sentinel-2 satellite image and then generates a new snow-free synthetic optical image that shares the same characteristics as the source satellite image. The snow-free synthetic images generated are evaluated to quantify their visual and semantic similarity with original snow-free Sentinel-2 satellite images by using different image qualitative metrics (IQMs) such as Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM), Universal image quality index (Q), and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). The estimated metric data shows that Q delivers more metric values, nearly 95%, than SSIM and PRSN. The methodology presented in this study could be beneficial for RS research in DL model development for environmental mapping and time series modeling. The results also confirm the DL technique’s applicability in RS studies.